Critical Care Reading List

CARDIOLOGY

ACEi

Indications for ACE Inhibitors in the Early Treatment of Acute Myocardial Infarction: Systematic Overview of Individual Data From 100 000 Patients in Randomized Trials. Circulation 1998; 97(22): 2202-12.

ACS

ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Unstable Angina/Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction - Executive Summary. JACC 2007; 50(7): 652-726.

Boden WE, COURAGE. Optimal Medical Therapy with or without PCI for Stable Coronary Disease. NEJM 12 Apr 2007; 356(15): 1503-16.

DiMarco JP. Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators. NEJM 2003; 349: 1836-47.

Henrikson CA. Chest Pain Relief by Nitroglycerin Does Not Predict Active Coronary Artery Disease. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139: 979-86.

Antman EM. The TIMI Risk Score for Unstable Angina/Non-ST Elevation MI: A Method for Prognostication and Therapeutic Decision Making. JAMA 2000; 284(7): 835-42.

Atrial Fibrillation

AFFIRM. A Comparison of Rate Control and Rhythm Control in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. NEJM 5 Dec 2002; 347(23): 1825-33.

Alpert MA. Medical Cardioversion of Atrial Fibrillation. Chest June 2000; 117(6): 1529-1531.

Vardas PE. Amiodarone as a First-Choice Drug for Restoring Sinus Rhythm in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Chest June 2000; 117(6): 1538-45.

CHF

Hunt. ACC/AHA 2005 Guideline Update for the Diagnosis and Management of Chronic Heart Failure in the Adult. Circulation 2005; 112(12): e154-e235.

CPR

Ewy GA. Cardiocerebral Resuscitation: The New Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Circulation 2005; 111(16): 2134-42.

Shaw DP. The mechanism of blood flow in cardiopulmonary resuscitation - introducint the lung pump. Resuscitation 1997; 35: 255-58.

CVP

Marik PE. Does Central Venous Pressure Predict Fluid Responsiveness? Chest 2008; 134: 172-78.

Diastolic Heart Failure, Heart Failure with a Preserved Ejection Fraction

Aurigemma GP, Gaasch WH. Diastolic Heart Failure. NEJM 2004; 351(11): 1097-1105.

Burkhoff D. Heart Failure With a Normal Ejection Fraction. Circulation 2003; 107: 656.

Kawaguchi M. Combined Ventricular Systolic and Arterial Stiffening in Patients with Heart Failure and Preserved Ejection Fraction: Implications for Systolic and Diastolic Reserve Limitations. Circulation 2003; 107: 714-20.

Zile MR. New Concepts in Diastolic Dysfunction and Diastolic Heart Failure: Part I: Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Measurements of Diastolic Function. Circulation 2002; 105: 1387-93.

Zile MR. New Concepts in Diastolic Dysfunction and Diastolic Heart Failure: Part II: Causal Mechanisms and Treatment. Circulation 2002; 105: 1503-08.

Yturralde FR, Gaasch WH. Diagnostic Criteria for Diastolic Heart Failure. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2005; 47(5): 314-19.

Digoxin & Heart Failure

Rahimt0ola SH. Digitalis Therapy for Patients in Clinical Heart Failure. Circulation 2004; 109(24): 2942-46.

Digitalis Intervention Group. The Effect of Digoxin on Mortality and Morbidity in Patients with Heart Failure. NEJM 20 Feb 1997; 336(8):525-32.

Gheorghiade M. Digoxin. A neurohormonal modulater in heart failure? Circulation 1991; 84: 2181-86.
Gheorghiade M. Comparative Hemodynamic and Neurohormonal Effects of Intravenous Captopril and Digoxin and Their Concentrations in Patients with Severe Heart Failure. JACC 1989; 13: 134.

Gheorghiade M. Comparative effects of therapy with captopril and digoxin in patients with mild to moderate heart failure. JAMA 1988; 259(4): 539-44.

Dyslipidemia

Ridker PM. Rosuvastatin to Prevent Vascular Events in Men and Women with Elevated C-Reactive Protein. NEJM 20 Nov 2008; 359(21): 2195-207.

Cannon CP. Intensive versus Moderate Lipid Lowering with Statins after Acute Coronary Syndromes. NEJM 8 Apr 2004; 350(15): 1495-1504.

Hemodynamics

Durairaj L, Schmidt GA. Fluid Therapy in Resuscitated Sepsis. Chest 2008; 133: 252-63.

Gattinoni L. A trial of goal-oriented hemodynamic therapy in critically ill patients: SVO2 Collaborative Group. NEJM 1995; 333: 1025-32.

Hypothermia

Mild Therapeutic Hypothermia to Improve the Neurologic Outcome After Cardiac Arrest. NEJM 21 Feb 2002; 346: 549.

Mechanical Ventilation and the Heart

Permutt S. Circulatory Effects of Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation: The Importance of Transdiaphragmatic Pressure. Anesthesiology 1988; 69: 157-60.

Lemaire F. Acute Left Ventricular Dysfunction during Unsuccessful Weaning from Mechanical Ventilation. Anesthesiology 1988; 69: 171-79.

Fessler HE. Mechanism of reduced LV afterload by systolic and diastolic positive pleural pressure. JAP 1988; 65(3): 1244-50.

Pericardium

Mangano DT. The effect of the pericardium on ventricular systolic function in man. Circulation 1980; 61(2): 352-57.

Physiology

Moniotte S. Upregulation of Beta 3- Adrenoreceptors and Altered Contractile Response to Inotropic Amines in Human Failing Myocardium. Circulation 2001; 103(12): 1649.

Schrier RW. Hormones and Hemodynamics in Heart Failure. NEJM 1999; 341(8) 577-85.

Preoperative Clearance

Aronson S. The ECLIPSE Trials: Comparative Studies of Clevidipine to Nitroglycerin, Sodium Nitroprusside, and Nicardipine for Acute Hypertension Treatment in Cardiac Surgery Patients. Anesth and Analges 2008; 107(4): 1110.

ACC/AHA 2007 Guidelines on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Care for Noncardiac Surgery. JACC 2007; 50(17): 159-242.

Pressors

De Baker D. Vincent JL. SOAP II Investigators. Comparison of Dopamine and Norepinephrine in the Treatment of Shock. NEJM 2010; 362(9): 779.
Dunser MW. Ischemic Skin Lesions as a complication of Continuous Vasopressin Infusion in Catecholamine-Resistant Vasodilatory Shock: Incidence and risk factos. Crit Care Med 2003; 31(5): 1394.

Holmes CL. Bad Medicine: Low Dose Dopamine in the ICU. Chest 2003; 123: 1266.

Pulmonary Edema

Gandhi SK. The Pathogenesis of Acute Pulmonary Edema Associated with Hypertension. NEJM 2001; 344(1): 17-22.

Pulse Pressure Variation

Michard F. Relation between Respiratory Changes in Arterial Pulse Pressure and Fluid Responsiveness in Septic Patients with Acute Circulatory Failure. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 162: 134-138.

Kramer A. Pulse Pressure Variation Predicts Fluid Responsiveness Following Coronary Artery Bypass Surgery. Chest 2004; 126: 1563-68.

Renal Function

Teerlink JR, Massie BM. Nesiritide and Worsening Renal Function: The Emporer's New Clothes? Circulation 2005; 111(12): 1459-61.

ENDOCRINE

Cortisol

Marik PE. Critical Illness-Related Corticosteroid Insufficiency. Chest 2009; 135: 181.

Hamrahian AH. Measurements of Serum Free Cortisol in Critically Ill Patients. NEJM 2004; 350: 1629.

Bollaert PE. Baseline Cortisol Levels, Cortisol Response to Corticotropin, and Prognosis in Late Septic Shock. Shock 2003; 19(1): 13.

Insulin

DCCT/EDIC. Intensive Diabetes Treatment and Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes. NEJM 2005; 353(25): 2463.

Van Den Berghe G. Intensive Insulin Therapy in Critically Ill Patients. NEJM 2001; 345(19): 1359.

Thyroid

Mandel SJ. A 64-Year-Old Woman with a Thyroid Nodule. JAMA 2004; 292(21):2632.

GASTROENTEROLOGY

Esophageal Varices

Garcia-Tsao G. Management of Varices and Variceal Hemorrhage in Cirrhosis. NEJM 2010; 362: 823.
Groszmann RJ. Beta-blockers to Prevent Gastroesophageal Varices in Patients with Cirrhosis. NEJM 2005; 353: 2254.

Gastrointestinal Bleed

Cook D. A Comparison of Sucralfate and Ranitidine for the Prevention of Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding in Patients Requiring Mechanical Ventilation. NEJM 1998; 338(12): 791.

Hepatic Encephalopathy

Riordan SM. Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy. NEJM 1997; 337(7): 473.

HEMATOLOGY

Anticoagulation

Diuguid DL. Choosing a Parenteral Anticoagulant Agent. NEJM 2001; 345: 1340.

Antiphospholipid Syndrome

Levine JS. Medical Progress: The Antiphospholipid Syndrome. NEJM 2002; 346(10): 752.

Blood Transfusions

Gajic O. Transfusion-Related Acute Lung Injury in the Critically Ill. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2007; 176: 886.

Hebert PC. A Multi-centered, Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial of Transfusion Requirements in Critical Care. NEJM 1999; 340(6): 409.

DVT

Geerts V. Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism. Chest 2004; 126(3) Supplement: 338S.

Seligsohn U. Medical Progress: Genetic Susceptibility to Venous Thromboembolism. NEJM 2001; 344(16): 1222.

Kearon C. A Comparison of Three Months of Anticoagulation with Extended Anticoagulation for a First Episode of Idiopathic Venous Thromboembolism. NEJM 1999; 340(12): 901.

HIT

WarkentinTE. Heparin-Induced Thrombocytopenia. Chest 2004; 126(3) Supplement: 311S.

INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Activated Protein C

Bernard GR, PROWESS. Efficacy and Safety of Recombinant Activated Protein C for Severe Sepsis. NEJM 2001; 344(10): 699.

Faust SN. Dysfunction of Endothelial Protein C Activation in Severe Meningococal Sepsis. NEJM 2001; 345(6): 408.

Cancer

Bucaneve G. Levofloxacin to Prevent Bacterial Infections in Patients with Cancer and Neutropenia. NEJM 2005; 353: 977.

Cullen M. Antibacterial Prophylaxis After Chemotherapy for Solid Tumors and Lymphoma. NEJM 2005; 353: 988.

Catheter Associated Infections

Mermel LA. Guidelines for the Management of Intravascular Catheter-Related Infections. CID 2001; 32: 1249.

Cellulitis

Miller LG. Necrotizing Fascitis Caused by Community Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Los Angeles. NEJM 2005; 352(14): 1445.

Swartz MN. Cellulitis. NEJM 2004; 350: 904.

Bisno AL. Streptococcal Infections of Skin and Soft Tissues. NEJM 1996; 334(4): 240.

Clostridium Difficile

Gorbach SL. Antibiotics and Clostridium Difficle. NEJM 1999; 341: 1689.

Diarrhea

Thielman NM. Acute Infectious Diarrhea. NEJM 2004; 350: 38.

Bartlett JG. Antibiotic Associated Diarrhea. NEJM 2002; 346(5): 334.

Fever

Mourad O. A Comprehensive Evidence-based Approach to Fever of Unknown Origin. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163(5): 545.

Pizzo PA. Fever in Immunocompromised Patients. NEJM 1999; 341(12): 893.

Meningitis

de Gans J. Dexamethasone in Adults with Bacterial Meningitis. NEJM 14 Nov 2002; 347(20): 1549-56.

Pneumonia

Chastre J. A Comparison of 8 vs 15 day Antibiotic Therapy for Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia in Adults: A Randomized Trial. JAMA 2003; 290(19): 2588.

Singh N. Short-course Empiric Antibiotic Therapy for Patients with Pulmonary Infiltrates in the Intensive Care Unit. Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2000; 162(2): 505.

Fine MJ. A Prediction Rule to Identify Low-Risk Patients with Community Acquired Pneumonia. NEJM 1997; 336(4): 243.

Sepsis

Durairaj L. Fluid Therapy in Resuscitated Sepsis. Less is More. Chest 2008; 133: 252.

Ho JT. Septic Shock and Sepsis. Journal Clin Endocrinol Metab 2006; 91(1): 105.

Dellinger RP. Surviving Sepsis Campaign guidelines for management of severe sepsis and septic shock. Crit Care Med 2004: 32(3)L 858.

Schrier RW. Acute Renal Failure and Sepsis. NEJM 2004; 351: 159.

Dellinger RP. Cardiovascular Management in Septic Shock. Crit Care Med 2003; 31(3); 946.

Annane D. Effect of Treatment with Low Doses of Hydrocortisone and Fludrocortisone on Mortality in Patients with Septic Shock. JAMA 2002; 288(7): 362.

Rivers E. Early Goal-Directed Therapy in the Treatment of Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock. NEJM 2001; 345(19): 1368.

Bone RC. Definitions of Sepsis and Organ Failure and Guidelines for the Use of Innovative Therapies. The ACCP/SCCM Consensus Conference Committee. Chest 1992; 101: 1644.

Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis

Fernandez J. A Randomized Unblinded Pilot Study Comparing Albumin with Hydroxyethyl Starch in Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. Hepatology 2005; 42: 627.

Bernard B. Antibiotic Prophylaxis for the Prevention of Bacterial Infections in Cirrhotic Patients with Gastrointestinal Bleeing: a Meta-Analysis. Hepatology 1999; 29(6): 1655.

Urinary Tract Infections

Nicolle LE. Asymptomatic Bacteriruria. NEJM 2000; 343: 1037.

Kass EH. Asymptomatic infections of the urinary tract. Trans Assoc Am Physicians 1956; 69: 56-64. (no link)

NEPHROLOGY

Acid Base

Kallet RH. The Treatment of Acidosis in Acute Lung Injury with Tris-Hydroxymethyl Aminomethane (THAM). Am J Resp Crit Care Med 2000; 161(4): 1149.

Thaler SM. Beer Potomania in Non-Beer Drinkers: Effect of Low Dietary Solute Intake. Am J Kidney D 1998; 31(6): 1028.

Salem MM. Gaps in the Anion Gap. Arch Intern Med 1992; 352(8): 1652.

Tien R. Hyponatremic Encephalopathy: Is Central Pontine Myelinosis a Component. Am J Med 1992; 92: 513.

Iberti TJ. Low sensitivity of the anion gap to detect hyperlactatemia in Critically Ill Patients. Crit Care Med 1990; 18(3): 275.

Cluitmans FHM. Management of Severe Hyponatremia: Rapid or Slow Correction? Am J Med 1990; 88: 161.

DiNubile MJ. The Increment in the Anion Gap: Overextension of a Concept. Lancet 1988; 332(8617): 951.

Adrogue HJ. Plasma acid-base patterns in Diabetic Ketoacidosis. NEJM 1982; 307(26): 1603. (no link)

Cohen JJ. The Nature of the Carbon Dioxide Titration Curve in the Normal Dog. JCI 1964; 43(5): 777.

Schwartz WB. A critique of the parameters used in the evaluation of acid-base disorders. "Whole blood buffer base" and "standard bicarbonate" compared with blood pH and plasma bicarbonate concentration. NEJM 1963; 268: 1382. (no link)

Acute/Chronic Renal Failure

Venkataraman R. Defining Acute Renal Failure: The RIFLE Criteria. J Intensive Care Med 2007; 22: 187.

Schrier RW. Acute Renal Failure and Sepsis. NEJM 2004; 351: 159.

Go AS. Chronic Kidney Disease and the Risks of Death, Cardiovascular Events, and Hospitalization. NEJM 2004; 351: 1296.

Levey AS. National Kidney Foundation Practice Guidelines for Chronic Kidney Disease. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(2): 137.

Forni LG. Continuous Hemofiltration in Acute Renal Failure. NEJM 1997; 336(18): 1303.

Acute Tubular Necrosis

Esson ML, Schrier RW. Diagnosis and Treatment of Acute Tubular Necrosis. Ann Intern Med 2002; 139(7): 744.

Contrast Nephropathy

Merten GJ. Prevention of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy with Sodium Bicarbonate. JAMA 2004; 291(19): 2328.

Birck R. Acetylcysteine for Prevention of Contrast Nephropathy: A Meta-analysis. Lancet 2003; 362: 538.

Critical Care

Friedrich JO. Meta-Analysis: Low-dose Dopamine Increases Urine Output but Does Not Prevent Renal Dysfunction or Death. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 510.

Diabetic Nephropathy

Barnett AH. Angiotensin-Receptor Blockade versus Converting-Enzyme Inhibition in Type 2 Diabetes and Nephropathy. NEJM 2004; 351: 1952.

Fluid Hemodynamics

Martin PY. Nitric Oxide as a Mediator of Hemodynamic Abnormalities and Sodium and Water Retention in Cirrhosis. NEJM 1998; 339(8): 533..

Schrier RW. Body Fluid Volume Regulation in Health and Disease: A Unifying Hypothesis. Annals Intern Med 1990.

Schrier RW. Pathogenesis of Sodium Water Retention in High-output and Low-output Cardiac Failure, Nephrotic Syndrome, Cirrhosis, and Pregnancy. NEJM 1988; 319: 1127. (no link)

Edelman IS. Interrelations Between Sodium Serum Concentration, Serum Osmlarity and Total Exchangeable Sodium, Total Exchangeable Potassium and Total Body Water. JCI 1958; 37(9): 1236.

Hyper/Hyponatremia

Adrogue HJ. Primary Care: Hypernatremia. NEJM 2000; 342(20): 1493.

Adrogue HJ. Primary Care: Hyponatremia. NEJM 2000; 342(21): 1581.

Spital A. Diuretic Induced Hyponatremia. Am J Nephrol 1999; 19: 447.

Steele A. Postoperative Hyponatremia Despite Near-Isotonic Saline Infusion: A Phenomenon of Desalination. Annals Intern Med 1997; 126(1): 20.

Spital A. The Paradox of Sodium's Volume of Distribution. Arch Intern Med 1989; 149: 1255.

Arieff AI. Hyponatremia, convulsions, respiratory arrest, and permanent brain damage after elective surgery in healthy women. NEJM. 1986; 314: 1529-1535. (no link)

Hyperkalemia

Palmer BF. Managing Hyperkalemia Caused by Inhibitors of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System. NEJM 2004; 351: 585.

Nephrotic Syndrome

Orth SR. The Nephrotic Syndrome. NEJM 1998; 338(17): 1202.

Renal Tubular Acidosis

Adrogue HJ. Renal Tubular Acidosis. Oxford Textbook of Clinical Nephrology 2004.

Sepsis

Evans TW. Hemodynamic and Metabolic Therapy in Critically Ill Patients. NEJM 2001; 345(19): 1417.

NEUROLOGY

Seizures

Lowenstein DH, Aminoff MJ. Clinical and EEG features of status epilepticus in comatose patients. Neurology 1992; 42: 100.

Stroke

Oliveira-Filho J. Detrimental effect of blood pressure reduction in the first 24 hours of acute stroke onset. Neurology 2003; 61(8): 1047.

Johnston KC. Blood pressure reduction in ischemic stroke: A two-edged sword? Neurology 2003; 61(8): 1030-31.

Inzitari D. The Causes and Risk of Stroke in Patients with Asymptomatic Internal-Carotid-Artery Stenosis. NEJM 2000; 342: 1693-700.

PULMONOLOGY

ARDS

Wiedemann HP. NHLBI, ARDS Network. A comparison of two fluid-management strategies in acute lung injury. NEJM 2006; 354: 2564-75.

RHEUMATOLOGY

Gout

Becker MA. Fuboxostat Compared with Allopurinol in Patients with Hyperuricemia and Gout. NEJM 2005; 353: 2450.

Osteoarthritis

Raynaud JP. Safety and Efficacy of Long-Term Intraarticular Steroid Injections in Osteoarthritis of the Knee. Arthritis Rheum 2003; 48(2): 370.

Pincus T. A Randomized, Double-blind, Crossover Clinical Trial of Diclofenac plus Misoprostol versus Acetaminophen in Patients with Osteoarthritis of the Hip or Knee. Arthritis Rheum 2001; 44(7): 1587.

Rheumatoid Arthritis